【英文标准名称】:Opticalamplifiers-Part4:Maximumpermissibleopticalpowerforthedamage-freeandsafeuseofopticalamplifiers,includingRamanamplifiers
【原文标准名称】:光学放大器.第4部分:光学放大器(包括拉曼放大器)的无损和安全使用的最大允许光能
【标准号】:IEC/TR61292-4-2004
【标准状态】:作废
【国别】:国际
【发布日期】:2004-08
【实施或试行日期】:
【发布单位】:国际电工委员会(IX-IEC)
【起草单位】:IEC/SC86C
【标准类型】:()
【标准水平】:()
【中文主题词】:试验;特性;放大器;光学纤维;温度;波长;安全;光波导;测量条件;精整;纤维;偏振;电气工程;极限(数学);半导体;光弹法;纤维光学;光学;光学装置
【英文主题词】:Amplifiers;Electricalengineering;Fibreoptics;Fibres;Finishes;Limits(mathematics);Measurementconditions;Opticaldevices;Opticalfibres;Opticalwaveguides;Optics;Photoelasticmethods;Polarization(wavephysics);Properties;Safety;Semiconductors;Temperature;Testing;Wavelengths
【摘要】:Appliestoallcommerciallyavailableopticalamplifiers(OAs),includingopticalfibreamplifiers(OFAs)usingactivefibres,aswellasRamanamplifiers.Semiconductoropticalamplifiers(SOAs)usingsemiconductorgainmediaarealsoincluded.Alsopro
【中国标准分类号】:M33
【国际标准分类号】:33_180_30
【页数】:26P.;A4
【正文语种】:英语


【英文标准名称】:StandardPracticeforEstimatingtheMaximumUseTemperatureofThermalInsulations
【原文标准名称】:估计隔热材料的最高使用温度的标准实施规范
【标准号】:ASTMC447-2003(2010)
【标准状态】:现行
【国别】:
【发布日期】:2003
【实施或试行日期】:
【发布单位】:美国材料与试验协会(US-ASTM)
【起草单位】:C16.31
【标准类型】:(Practice)
【标准水平】:()
【中文主题词】:表面热性能;最大使用温度;隔热;块和保温板;管道热绝缘;浸湿测试;绝热材料
【英文主题词】:hotsurfaceperformance;maximumusetemperature;thermalinsulation;Blockandboardthermalinsulation;Pipethermalinsulation;Soaktesting;Thermalinsulatingmaterials
【摘要】:Thispracticeisintendedforuseasaguideinevaluatingthebehaviorofinsulationsatelevatedtemperatures,andinjudgingsuitabilityforuseundertheconditionsofanintendedapplication.Itisnotintendedforacceptanceorcertificationtestingonalotbasis.Nosingletestforestimatingmaximumusetemperaturecanbeusedthatwillapplytoalltypesofinsulations,norcananysinglemaximumusetemperaturebeappliedtoanyinsulationthatwillbeapplicableunderallpossibleconditionsofuse.Maximumusetemperaturemaydependonthickness,temperaturegradient,heatingrate,andotherfactors.Whenthevarioustestmethodslistedhereinareemployed,thetestresultsserveasguidesand,assuch,mustbeappliedwithgoodengineeringjudgmentinarrivingatanacceptabletemperaturelimitfortheproductsandapplicationsbeingconsidered.Thecriteriausedtoestablishacceptableperformanceisprovidedinthematerialspecificationorasagreeduponbetweenthepurchaserandseller.Inmostcases,thepropertiescoveredbytheapplicablematerialstandards(forexample,thermaltransmission,strength,etc.)arethepropertiesimportanttotheenduseoftheproduct.Majorchangesinthosepropertiesresultingfromin-serviceconditionscancausefailureorsubstandardperformanceoftheinstalledsystem.Unlessremovalandreuseoftheinsulationisanimportantconsideration,propertiesthatrelateprimarilytohandlingandinstallationshallbeeliminatedfromtheevaluation.Note18212;Installationassemblies:somesystemscreateconditionsthatwillaffecttheperformancefromthedataobtainedinthetestproceduresofthispractice.Thelistingofatestprocedureinthispracticedoesnotimplythattheperformanceofthatparticularprocedureisrequired.Onlythosetestswhicharerelevanttotherequirementsoftheapplicationinvolved,orwhichareagreeduponbetweenthepurchaserandthesellerarepreformed.Mostofthechangesthatoccurinthefunctionallyimportantcharacteristicsofalltypesofthermalinsulationduringserviceresultfromchangesinthematrixorbindersystemfirst,followedbychangesinthebulkfillermaterialswheresuchfillershavebeenused.Ingeneral,thesechangesaretemperature-dependentandthemajorportionofthechangetakesplacefairlyquicklyoncethecriticaltemperaturehasbeenreached.Typically,organicthermoplasticmaterialsorbinderswillchangeinthe140to240x00B0;F(60to116x00B0;C)temperaturerange.Thermosettingorganicmaterialsorbinderswillstarttodeteriorateabove350x00B0;F(177x00B0;C).Hydratedinorganicbinderssuchasclays,portlandandlumnitecements,gypsum,sodiumsilicates,oxysulfates,andoxychlorideswilllosevaryingamountsofwaterofcrystallizationattemperaturesfrom250to900x00B0;F(121to482x00B0;C)dependentonthecompoundinvolved.Glassfibersandglassfoamsmaystarttosinteraround1000x00B0;F(538x00B0;C).Rockorslagwools,perlitesandrefractoryfibersmayshowchangeattemperaturesinexcessof1300x00B0;F(704x00B0;C)dependentonspecificcomposition.If,aftertestingsamplesexposedtothemaximumservicetemperature,additionaltestsaremadeofsamplesexposedtointermediatetemperatures(thirdorquarterpointsinthefullservicetemperaturerange),theresultsofsuchtests,whenplottedwithpropercurvefittechniques,maygivesomeindicationofchangesinproductcharacteristics......